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What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?  

• Diabetes affects more than 300,000 people in New Zealand and costs the country $2.1 billion a year in health costs (0.67% of GDP!).  
• It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control blood sugar.  
• Type 1: Usually begins in younger people; an autoimmune reaction destroys the pancreas so it can’t make insulin.
• Type 2: More common with age; the pancreas wears out over time and doesn’t produce enough insulin.  

What is happening with Type 2 diabetes in New Zealand?  

• Over 250,000 New Zealanders have Type 2 diabetes, previously seen mostly in people over 50.  
• Over the past 25 years, it is increasingly occurring in younger people – even those in their early teens and children.  
• It’s particularly effecting Māori, Pasifika, and Asian young people; this pattern was not seen 30 years ago.  
• This is a new and concerning trend.  

Why is this occurring?  

• The exact cause is unclear, but it is seen worldwide, especially in Indigenous populations.  
• It is complex – caused by more than just lifestyle.  
• Likely involves genetics, strong family history, maternal diabetes in pregnancy, and some lifestyle factors. More research is needed.  

Why should we be worried?  

• Early-onset Type 2 diabetes seems to have a more aggressive course.  
• Complications such as kidney disease, heart disease, and strokes occur earlier.  
• It’s a significant cost to the health system, and an even greater cost to patients, whānau, and communities.  

What can we do about it?  

• Improve awareness and education.  
• Provide strong wrap-around support for young people with diabetes.  
• Know the symptoms and see your GP – weight loss, tiredness, frequent urination, and excessive thirst.  

Remember: diabetes can occur at any age. 

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